Cause and Effect Linkers

Words showing cause and result: due to, as a result, therefore

intermediate

When to Use

•Showing cause: Due to the rain, the match was cancelled.
•Showing result: It rained heavily. As a result, the match was cancelled.
•Formal consequence: The evidence is clear. Therefore, we must act.
•Because of + noun: Because of the delay, we missed our flight.
•Owing to (formal): Owing to circumstances, the event is postponed.

How to Form

Affirmative (+)

Cause linker + noun/-ing | Result linker + clause

Negative (-)

Due to not having enough time, we couldn't finish.

Question (?)

Rarely used in questions

💡 Due to/Because of/Owing to + noun. Therefore/Consequently/As a result + clause.

Examples

✓Due to the traffic, I was late.

✗Due to the traffic was heavy, I was late.

Due to + noun, not a clause.

✓The traffic was heavy. Therefore, I was late.

✗The traffic was heavy, therefore I was late.

Therefore starts a new sentence or needs semicolon before it.

✓Because of his hard work, he succeeded.

✗Because his hard work, he succeeded.

'Because of' + noun; 'Because' + clause.

Common Mistakes

💡 Practice Tips

• Cause + noun: due to, because of, owing to, on account of
• Result + clause: therefore, consequently, as a result, hence
• Because + clause; Because of + noun
• Therefore/Consequently = formal; So = informal
• Position: cause linkers often at start; result linkers after cause

reason-result contrast-linkers purpose-clauses 📝 linking-words-intermediate 📝 cause-effect-quiz

Cause and Effect Linkers

Words showing cause and result: due to, as a result, therefore

intermediate

When to Use

•Showing cause: Due to the rain, the match was cancelled.
•Showing result: It rained heavily. As a result, the match was cancelled.
•Formal consequence: The evidence is clear. Therefore, we must act.
•Because of + noun: Because of the delay, we missed our flight.
•Owing to (formal): Owing to circumstances, the event is postponed.

How to Form

Affirmative (+)

Cause linker + noun/-ing | Result linker + clause

Negative (-)

Due to not having enough time, we couldn't finish.

Question (?)

Rarely used in questions

💡 Due to/Because of/Owing to + noun. Therefore/Consequently/As a result + clause.

Examples

✓Due to the traffic, I was late.

✗Due to the traffic was heavy, I was late.

Due to + noun, not a clause.

✓The traffic was heavy. Therefore, I was late.

✗The traffic was heavy, therefore I was late.

Therefore starts a new sentence or needs semicolon before it.

✓Because of his hard work, he succeeded.

✗Because his hard work, he succeeded.

'Because of' + noun; 'Because' + clause.

Common Mistakes

💡 Practice Tips

• Cause + noun: due to, because of, owing to, on account of
• Result + clause: therefore, consequently, as a result, hence
• Because + clause; Because of + noun
• Therefore/Consequently = formal; So = informal
• Position: cause linkers often at start; result linkers after cause

reason-result contrast-linkers purpose-clauses 📝 linking-words-intermediate 📝 cause-effect-quiz

Cause and Effect Linkers

When to Use

How to Form

Examples

Common Mistakes

💡 Practice Tips

Related

Cause and Effect Linkers

When to Use

How to Form

Examples

Common Mistakes

💡 Practice Tips

Related

When to Use

How to Form

Examples

Common Mistakes

✗Due to it was raining, we stayed home.

✗I was tired, as a result I went to bed.

✗Owing to he was sick, he missed class.

💡 Practice Tips

Related

When to Use

How to Form

Examples

Common Mistakes

✗Due to it was raining, we stayed home.

✗I was tired, as a result I went to bed.

✗Owing to he was sick, he missed class.

💡 Practice Tips

Related