Shortening defining relative clauses with -ing/-ed or to-infinitive forms
Drop who/that + be and use -ing/-ed; or use to + base for purpose/possibility
Add not before -ing/-ed/ to phrase as needed
Not applicable (relative forms)
💡 Ensure subject match; don't reduce if ambiguity or necessary verb.
✓The people waiting outside are students.
✗The people are waiting outside are students.
Remove who are; use -ing.
✓The documents sent yesterday need signatures.
✗The documents sending yesterday need signatures.
Passive meaning uses -ed/pp form.
✓She was the first person to arrive.
✗She was the first person arriving.
Use to + base for purpose/sequence.