Shortened clauses using -ing or -ed: Having finished, she left. Shocked by the news, he sat down.
Participle clause + comma + main clause. OR Main clause + participle clause
Not + participle: Not knowing what to do, I waited.
Rarely used in questions
💡 Subject of participle clause must match subject of main clause.
✓Having eaten dinner, we watched TV.
✗Having eaten dinner, the TV was turned on.
Same subject needed: 'we' ate and 'we' watched.
✓Written in 1605, the play is still popular.
✗Writing in 1605, the play is still popular.
Play was written (passive), so use past participle.
✓Not knowing the answer, I guessed.
✗Not know the answer, I guessed.
Use participle form: knowing.