Clauses

Clauses that modify verbs: because, although, when, if, so that

Clauses showing contrast: although, even though, despite, in spite of

Clauses that function as nouns: what you said, that she left, whether it works

Clauses showing consequence: so...that, such...that

Shortened clauses using -ing or -ed: Having finished, she left. Shocked by the news, he sat down.